Yigeze kwitwa “Ebola hemorrhagic fever”, kubera ko ishobora gutera kuva amaraso imbere no hanze y’umubiri, nubwo atari buri murwayi bibaho. Ikaba ari virusi yibasira cyane abantu n’inyamaswa zirimo inguge n’uducurama (fruit bats).

Izina “Ebola” ryakomotse ku mugezi witwa Ebola uri hafi y’aho icyo cyorezo cyabonetse bwa mbere muri Zaire (DRC y’ubu). Abashakashatsi bahisemo kutita indwara izina ry’umudugudu yabonetsemo bwa mbere kugira ngo abaturage baho batagira ipfunwe cyangwa cyangwa bigatuma bakorerwa ivangura.

Ebola yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1976, mu cyahoze ari Zaire, ahitwa Yambuku no muri Sudan (ubu ni mur Sudan Y’Epfo).
Ibi byorezo byombi byahitanye abantu benshi ku buryo byatangaje abari batuye Isi icyo gihe bitewe n’uko yari itaramenyekana yica vuba cyane. Hari aho abantu barenga 80% bapfaga bitewe n’uburyo virusi yari ikaze n’uko nta muti cyangwa uburyo bwo kuyikumira byari bihari.

Abahanga bemeza ko inkomoko nyakuri ya Ebola ari inyamaswa zo mu ishyamba, cyane cyane uducurama (fruit bats), nubwo bitaramenyekana neza uko virusi ibamo igihe kirekire.

Umuntu ashobora kuyandura akoresheje cyangwa akoze ku nyamaswa zanduye nk’inguge, inkende cyangwa inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, nyuma igakwirakwira hagati y’abantu binyuze mu maraso, amacandwe, ibicurane, kwita ku murwayi utirinze no gukora ku murambo wanduye.

Nyuma y’uko icyo cyorezo kiboneka bwa mbere, Ebola yabanje kubura igihe kinini, kubera abahanga bari bataramenya cyangwa ngo bavumbure neza aho ituruka, uko ikwirakwira n’uburyo bwo kuyivura, ku buryo byafashe imyaka hafi 10 itarongera kugaragara.

Mu 1995 haje kubaho icyorezo gikomeye i Kikwit muri DRC, gihitana abantu benshi. Iki gihe ni bwo Isi yatangiye gushyira imbaraga mu buryo bwo kwirinda kwandura kwa muganga ku muganga no mu bitaro.

Mu 2000-2012 muri Uganda habaye ibyorezo bikomeye, cyane cyane ubwoko bwa Sudan ebolavirus. Muri Afurika yo hagati n’iy’iburengerazuba hakomeza kugaragara ibyorezo bito bito ariko byica cyane.

Mu 2014–2016 habayeho icyorezo cyagize ingaruka zikomeye kurusha ibindi byose mu mateka ya Ebola, gitangirira mu bihugu birimo Guinea, Liberia na Sierra Leone, aho abantu barenga 28,000 banduye, mu gihe abarenga 11,000 cyabahitanye.

Icyo gihe ahanini byatewe n’ibirimo kuba inzego z’ubuzima zari zitarakomera, kutagirira icyizere abaganga, uburyo imihango yo gushyingura yakorwagamo bakora ku murambo n’ibindi birimo kudashyira mu kato abagaragayeho icyorezo.

Iki gihe ni bwo Isi yatangiye gushyira imbaraga nyinshi mu bushakashatsi bw’inkingo n’imiti.

Mu 2018-2020 muri DRC habaye icyorezo cya kabiri gikomeye kurusha ibindi byose, cyane cyane mu Majyaruguru ya Kivu na Ituri, aho byari bigoye kugikumira kubera intambara yaterwaga n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, ibitero byagabwaga ku bitaro, bamwe mu baturage ntibizeraga ko Ebola ibaho, ku buryo yatwaye ubuzima bw’abarenga 2,000.

Mbere ya 2019 nta rukingo rwemewe rwari rwakaboneka, ariko nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bwinshi, hatangiye gukoreshwa urukingo rwa Ebola cyane cyane ku bwoko bwa Zaire ebolavirus, rufasha gukingira abantu bari hafi y’abarwayi.

Hari kandi imiti nka monoclonal antibodies yafashije kugabanya impfu ku barwayi bamwe. Ariko kugeza ubu nta bwoko na bumwe bwa Ebola burabonerwa urukingo rwizewe.

Ebola ni kimwe mu byorezo biteye ubwoba kuko ishobora kwica abantu benshi mu gihe gito, ikaba yandura binyuze mu gukora ku murwayi cyangwa amatembabuzi ye, ikaba ikunda kugaragara ahantu hari ubuvuzi butaragera ku rwego rwiza, ku buryo gutinda kuyitahura bituma ikwirakwira cyane.

Ku Isi, habonetse ubwoko (species/strains) bwa Ebola bugera kuri 6, ariko si bwose bwateye ibyorezo bikomeye mu bantu. Bwahabwaga amazina akenshi ashingiye aho bwabonetse bwa mbere.

Bumwe muri bwo burimo Zaire ebolavirus, nibwo bwica cyane kandi bwateye ibyorezo byinshi kurusha ubundi ku Isi, kuko bwabonetse bwa mbere mu cyahoze ari Zaire mu 1976, bunateza ibibazo bikomeye muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba hagati ya 2014–2016.

Ubundi bwoko ni Sudan ebolavirus, bwabonetse bwa mbere muri Sudan mu 1976, aho bwakunze kwibasira abatuye muri Uganda na Sudan Y’Epfo.

Bundibugyo ebolavirus, ni ubundi bwoko bwa Ebola bwitiriwe agace ka Bundibugyo muri Uganda, aho bwagaragaye bwa mbere mu 2007. Ari nabwo bwongeye kugaragara muri DRC na Uganda muri iyi minsi.

Taï Forest ebolavirus, bwitiriwe ishyamba rya Taï ryo muri Côte d’Ivoire, bugaragara gake cyane kuko habonetse umurwayi umwe uzwi cyane mu 1994.

Reston ebolavirus, ni ubundi bwoko bwabonetse bwa mbere ahitwa Reston muri Virginia muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, nyuma yo kuzanwa n’inguge zivuye muri Philippines. Bwanduje inyamaswa n’abantu bamwe ariko kugeza ubu ntibuzwiho guteza uburwayi bukomeye mu bantu.

Bombali virus, yaamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 2018 mu ducurama two muri Sierra Leone, ariko nta gihamya cyerekana ko bwigeze butera indwara mu bantu.

Kuva mu 1976 DRC ni cyo gihugu cyahuye na Ebola inshuro nyinshi kurusha ibindi, kuko kimaze kugira ibyorezo birenga 15.
Icyorezo cyahitanye abantu benshi kurusha ibindi ni icyabereye muri Guinea, Liberia na Sierra Leone mu 2014–2016, kuko cyatwaye ubuzima bw’abarenga 11,300.

Muri iki gihe Ebola by’umwihariko iyo mu bwoko bwa Bundibugyo yongeye kugaragara mu bihugu bya DRC na Uganda, Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu Rwanda (MINISANTE), yatangaje ko itaragaragara mu Rwanda ariko muri DRC icyo cyorezo kimaze kugera mu barenga 1000 naho abarenga 200 bamaze guhitanwa nacyo, mu gihe abarenga 9 muri Uganda bamaze kuyandura.

Minisitiri w’Ubuzima Dr. Sabin Nsanzimana, ati “Ebola ni indwara mbi cyane kuko mu bayanduye umwe kuri babiri niwe ubasha kuyikira, cyane cyane iyi ngiyi yitwa Bundibugyo ifite umwihariko kuko kuyipima biragoye, nta rukingo irabona nta n’umuti urakorwa. Ubundi ubu bwoko ntabwo bwari bukunze kubaho mu muryango wa Ebola muri rusange.”

Abanyarwanda barakangurirwa kugira uruhare mu kiyikumira by’umwihariko abari mu bihugu yagaragayemo bifuza gutaha, barasabwa gukurikiza amabwiriza yashyizweho y’uko bagomba kuza bagakurikiranwa iminsi 21 mbere y’uko bakomeza imirimo yabo mu gihugu, kuko ari ubuzima bwabo n’ubw’abandi basanze.