Nubwo zimwe ziguruka zigakora urugendo rugufi, hari izindi zigenda ku ntera nini cyane. Ku nyoni zimuka (migrating birds), kwibeshya mu nzira zigenda, bishobora guteza urupfu, kuko zimara ibyumweru byinshi ziguruka hejuru y’Inyanja n’imigabane ziva ku mpera imwe y’isi zijya ku yindi.

Ariko mu 2022, inyoni imwe yari ikiri nto yanditse, amateka kubera guhindura inzira yayo mu buryo butunguranye. Inyoni yo mu bwoko bwa ‘bar-tailed godwit’ (Limosa lapponica), yari ifite nimero y’ikirango “234684”, yakoze urugendo rw’ibirometero 13.560 ivuye muri Alasika ijya muri Leta ya Tasmania muri Australia idahagaze ahantu na hamwe ngo irye cyangwa ngo iruhuke, bityo iba iciye agahigo ko kuguruka intera ndende kurusha izindi nyoni, kuko yo itigeze ihagarara.

Iyo bagereranyije iyo ntera, ngo ni nk’inshuro ebyiri n’igice z’urugendo hagati ya Londres na New York, cyangwa se hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’umuzenguruko w’isi wose.

Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’icyuma cy’ikoranabuhanga cya satelite ya 5G cyari cyashyizwe ku gice cyo hasi cy’umugongo wayo, urwo rugendo rwatangiye ku itariki ya 13 Ukwakira 2022 rumara iminsi 11 n’isaha imwe, itigeze igwa hasi na rimwe.

Ntabwo byari ubwa mbere inyoni zo mu bwoko bwa ‘bar-tailed godwit’ zivugwa mu binyamakuru kubera ubwo bushobozi bwazo bwo gukora ingendo ndende. Iyo nyoni yari imaze amezi atanu gusa ivutse, yarenze agahigo kari karashyizweho n’indi nayo yo muri ubwo bwoko mu 2020, aho yagurutse ibirometero bigera 12.700 Km. Iyo nayo ikaba yari ikuyeho agahigo k’indi yari yari yaragurutse ibirometero 11.500 idahagarara mu 2007.

Si izo nyoni gusa zigenda intera ndende. Izindi nyoni zitwa ‘Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea)’ nazo zishobora kuguruka intera irenzeho mu gihe cy’umwaka.

Iyo ubaze urugendo zikora ziva aho zororokera mu majyaruguru ya ‘Arctic Circle’ zikajya muri Antarctica, hanyuma zikagaruka, usanga zishobora kugenda ibirometero bigera kuri 80.000. Urwo rukaba ari urugendo rurerure zikora kurusha izindi nyoni. Ariko itandukaniro rihari ni uko zo, rimwe na rimwe zigwa hasi zikaruhuka gato mu rugendo rwazo.

Nubwo inyoni nyinshi zimuka zishaka ibiryo n’ahantu hashyushye, zimwe zifitemo ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere y’umubiri wazo kugira ngo zishobore guhangana n’uko ikirere cy’aho ziri kimeze. Zishobora guhindura cyane umubiri n’imikorere yawo, zigabanya ingano z’ingingo z’imbere mu mubiri, zikiyongera ibiro vuba, zigakoresha ibinure byibitse nk’ingufu, zigasinzira gake cyane, n’ibindi bidasanzwe.

By’umwihariko, izo nyoni za ‘godwit’ zigira umwanya wo kubika ibinure byinshi bitanga ingufu, biturutse mu kumira hafi 25% by’uduce tugize inzira y’igogora, umwijima ndetse n’impyiko. Ibyo bikaba bikorwa binyuze mu buryo bwitwa ‘autophagy’(kwirya), aho umubiri wifashisha ibice byawo mu gihe bikenewe.

Zishobora kandi kongera ubunini bw’umutima n’imikaya yo mu gituza ziri mu kirere , kugira ngo zibone ingufu n’umwuka mwinshi wo guhumeka ‘oxygen’ muri ibyo bice.

Ariko ubwo bushobozi budasanzwe nabwo bufite ingaruka mbi. Izo mpinduka ziba mu mubiri zituma izo nyoni zigira ibyago byinshi byo guhura n’ingaruka z’ibiza bya kamere cyangwa se ibyatewe n’abantu, kubera ko ziba zitagifite ingufu zihagije zo kongera kuguruka intera ndende.

Iyo nyoni yaciye agahigo, yo yagize amahirwe yo gushobora gukomeza urugendo rurerure rwayo, inyura hejuru y’Inyanja nini ya Pacifique n’ibirwa byinshi birimo New Caledonia na Vanuatu, aho byagaragaye ko yanze guhagarara ngo yongere itare izindi mbaraga.

Eric Woehler, uhagarariye urwego rushinzwe ubuzima bw’inyoni muri Tasmania, (Birdlife Tasmania), yavuze ko iyo nyoni ishobora kuba yaratakaje “ kimwe cya kabiri cyangwa se kirenga cy’ibiro by’umubiri wayo, muri urwo rugendo yakoze iguruka amasaha yose ku manywa na nijoro.”

Yagize ati, “Inyoni zimwe, zishobora kugwa ku mazi zikarya. Ariko iyo inyoni yo mu bwoko bwa ‘godwit’ iguye ku mazi iba irangiye. Nta ruhu igira ku birenge byayo ruyifasha koga, kandi ntiyashobora kongera kuguruka iva ku mazi. Iyo iguye mu Nyanja kubera umunaniro cyangwa ikirere kimeze nabi cyane kigatuma igwa, ubwo iryo riba ari iherezo ryayo.”

Ubusanzwe, izi nyoni zikunze kwimukira muri Nouvelle-Zélande, ariko iyo yo yafashe indi nzira, ihindukira kuri dogere 90 maze igwa ku nkombe z’ahitwa ‘Ansons Bay ‘ mu Burasirazuba bwa Tasmania muri Australia.

Dr Woehler yavuze ko uko “guhindukira nabi” kwagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo kuguruka bw’ubwo bwoko bw’inyoni bushobora kuba burenze uko byatekerezwaga mbere. Ibyo bitumye hatangira kwibazwa niba mu gihe kizaza, hadashobora kuzabaho indi ‘godwit’ iguruka intera irenze iyo, kandi itigeze ihagarara na rimwe.

Abahanga bizeye ko urwo rugendo rw’iyo nyoni rwaciye agahigo, ruzafasha mu kumvikanisha akamaro ko gusobanukirwa neza ingendo zikorwa n’inyamaswa zimuka, uburyo izo nyoni zikoresha mu kumenya inzira, n’uko ibidukikije aho zihagarara zigiye kurya, bishobora kwitabwaho no kurindwa neza.

Nyuma yo gukora urugendo rutangaje nk’urwo, ninde wahakana ko izo nyoni zikwiye kwakirwa neza cyane igihe zigeze aho zihagarara?.