Mu minsi 100 gusa, Abatutsi barenga miliyoni imwe barishwe.

Nk’uko byanditswe mu igazeti y’amategeko y’u Rwanda, Rwanda Law Journal, mu nomero ya Werurwe 2026, indangamuntu “yari, kuri bamwe, nk’urwandiko rubacira urwo gupfa.”

Uyu munsi, u Rwanda ruri kugerageza ikintu ibindi bihugu byanyuze muri Jenoside bitigeze bigeraho ku rugero rungana gutya: kubaka gahunda y’indangamuntu y’ikoranabuhanga ishingiye ku bwiru bw’amakuru no ku ruhushya rwa nyirayo nk’inkingi ya mbere yo kurinda ko amateka mabi yakwisubiramo.

Ariko mbere y’ibyo, leta iri gukusanya amakuru y’abaturage hafi ya bose. Mu buryo bugari kandi buteguye neza.

Igikorwa Kinini cyo Gukusanya Amakuru

Mu Rwanda hose ubu hari igikorwa kinini kiri kuba. Abaturage bari gufotorwa, bafatwa ibikumwe ndetse hanafatwa amashusho y’amaso yabo (iris scans).

Abana bahabwa indangamuntu yabo ya mbere y’ikoranabuhanga bakivuka — ifoto y’isura yabo igafatwa kuva ku myaka ine. Bagejeje ku myaka itanu, hafatwa ibikumwe byabo n’amakuru y’amaso yabo. Ku myaka cumi n’itandatu, bongera kuvugururirwa amakuru y’ibinyabuzima (biometrics) ndetse bagatanga umukono w’ikoranabuhanga.

Leta ntihisha ibi bikorwa. Ibyapa byo kwamamaza biri hirya no hino muri Kigali byerekana aho kwiyandikisha bikorerwa. Abayobozi basura imidugudu bafite ibikoresho byabugenewe byimukanwa. Ubutumwa buroroshye: buri wese agomba kwiyandikisha.

Ku baturage bibuka igihe indangamuntu yashoboraga gutuma umuntu yicwa, uru rugero rwo gukusanya amakuru rushobora gutera impungenge. Ariko abateguye iyi gahunda nshya bavuga ko ikibazo atari ugukusanya amakuru menshi — ahubwo ikibazo cyabaye mu 1994 ari uko ayo makuru yashoboraga kugerwaho no gukoreshwa nabi nta nkomyi.

Urwego rwo Kugenzura Amakuru

Indangamuntu nshya y’ikoranabuhanga, Single Digital ID (SDID), izanye ikintu indangamuntu yo hambere itigeze igira: uburyo bwo gusaba uruhushya mbere y’uko umuntu cyangwa ikigo icyo ari cyo cyose kibona amakuru yawe.

Dore uko ikora. Amakuru yawe — amazina yose, ifoto, aderesi, nimero y’indangamuntu n’amakuru y’ibinyabuzima — abikwa muri “digital wallet” itekanye, kandi ni wowe wenyine ushobora gutanga uburenganzira bwo kuyageraho.

Iyo banki, ibitaro cyangwa n’akabyiniro bikeneye kubona indangamuntu yawe, ntibibona amakuru yose.

Ahubwo, sisiteme yabo isaba gusa amakuru yihariye ikeneye.

Uhita ubona ubutumwa kuri telefone yawe bugira buti: “Banki ya Kigali irasaba kubona amazina yawe, ifoto yawe na aderesi yawe. Uremeza cyangwa urabyanga?”

Ukanda wemeza. Ayo ni yo makuru yonyine babona. Nta yandi. Kandi ushobora gukuraho ubwo burenganzira igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.

Sisiteme yubakiye ku ihame ryo gukoresha amakuru make ashoboka — ihame rikomeye mu mategeko y’i Burayi ya GDPR kandi nk’uko Rwanda Law Journal ibivuga, rikaba ari ngombwa cyane mu kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihugu byanyuze muri Jenoside. Gukusanya gusa ibikenewe. Gusangiza gusa ibyemejwe. Kubika gusa ibigikenewe.

Impamvu Ibi Bifite Akamaro

Inkuru ya Rwanda Law Journal yitwa “Minimisation of Sensitive Personal Ethnicity Data of a Population is Key in Transitional Justice” ivuga mu buryo butaziguye iti: “Gushyira amakuru y’ubwoko ku ndangamuntu binyuranyije mu buryo bweruye n’ihame ryo gukoresha amakuru make ashoboka kuko ayo makuru atari ngombwa kandi arenze ibikenewe.”

Indangamuntu ya kera y’u Rwanda yari irimo amakuru arenze urugero. Yari itwaye igihano cy’urupfu ku rupapuro rwa kabiri.

Indangamuntu nshya nta makuru y’ubwoko irimo na gato. Ariko ikirenze ibyo, iha abaturage ububasha ku makuru yabo bwite — ikintu hafi nta yindi gahunda y’indangamuntu y’igihugu ikora.

Mu bihugu byinshi, iyo werekanye indangamuntu yawe, umupolisi cyangwa umukozi ubireba abona amakuru yawe yose. Mu Rwanda, bazabona gusa ibyo wemeye ko babona.

Impungenge ziracyariho

Rwanda Law Journal inaburira ko “kwiyongera kw’imikoreshereze y’indangamuntu zishingiye ku makuru y’ibinyabuzima bizana impungenge nshya ku bwiru bw’amakuru, cyane cyane kubera amakuru ashobora guhuza ububikoshingiro bwinshi kandi bikaba byatuma abantu bakurikiranwa bikabije.”

Umutekano wa sisiteme uzaterwa rwose n’uburyo urwego rwo gutanga uruhushya ruzubahirizwa ndetse n’ubwisanzure bw’Urwego rushinzwe kurengera amakuru bwite.

Icyizere Cyimbitse

Ariko u Rwanda ruri gutanga indi nyigisho ndende: ko ikoranabuhanga ryubakiye ku kurengera ubwiru bw’amakuru no ku mahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu rishobora kuramba kurusha abayobozi babi.

Sisiteme ifite uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibikorwa byose — igihe cyose umuntu arebye amakuru yawe, ushobora kubona uwabikoze, igihe yabikoreye n’impamvu yabyo. Ushobora guhita ukuraho uburenganzira bwose watanze. Kandi amategeko ateganya ibihano bikomeye ku babikoresha nabi.

Rwanda Law Journal isoza ivuga iti: “Kugabanya gukusanya no gukoresha amakuru y’ubwoko ni ingenzi mu rugendo rw’u Rwanda rwo kubaka ubutabera nyuma ya Jenoside. Urebye amateka y’igihugu, hakenewe ingamba zikomeye zo kwirinda ko abantu bapfa ubwoko, ivangura cyangwa ikoreshwa nabi ry’amakuru bwite.”

U Rwanda ubu ruri gukora igerageza nyaryo ryo kureba niba izo ngamba zishobora gukora ku rwego rw’igihugu cyose.

Umwanzuro

Leta iri gufotora, ifata ibikumwe kandi ikanafata amakuru y’amaso y’abaturage miliyoni nyinshi. Ibyo ubwabyo si bishya — ibihugu byinshi birabikora. Icyo u Rwanda rwongeyeho ni uko nyuma yo gukusanya ayo makuru yose, ruri gusubiza abaturage ububasha bwo kuyagenzura.

Ku gihugu aho indangamuntu yigeze gusobanura urupfu, icyo gikorwa cyo gusubiza abaturage ububasha ku makuru yabo si politiki gusa. Ni uburyo bwo gusubiza icyizere n’uburenganzira abaturage bambuwe.

Indangamuntu nshya y’ikoranabuhanga izakomeza gushyirwa mu bikorwa kugeza muri Kamena 2027. Nyuma yaho, indangamuntu za kera zizahagarikwa.